Cadences.

IGNORE THIS POST, IT'S HOMEWORK CRAP.

There are five that I didn't write because they're either several parts or terms that don't need to be defined. Hope this helps!

FEDERALISM A political system in which ultimate authority is shared between a central government and state or regional governments.
SEPARATION OF POWERS A principle of American government whereby constitutional authority is shared by three separate branches of government- the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.
SOVEREIGNTY Supreme or ultimate political authority; a sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other government.
NECESSARY-AND-PROPER CLAUSE The final paragraph of Article I, section 8, of the Constitution. Authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers. Sometimes called the elastic clause because of the flexibility that it provides to Congress.
CHECKS AND BALANCES The power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government to block some acts by the other two branches.
JUDICIAL REVIEW The power of the courts to declare acts of the legislature and of the executive to be unconstitutional and hence null and void.
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS A Latin term meaning "you shall have the body." A court order directing a police officer, sheriff, or warden who has a person in custody to bring the prisoner before a judge and show sufficient cause for his or her detention. The writ of habeas corpus was designed to prevent illegal arrests and imprisonment.
EX POST FACTO Ex post facto is a Latin term meaning "after the fact." A law that makes criminal an act that was legal when it was committed, that increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed, or that changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier; a retroactive criminal law. The state legislatures and Congress are forbidden to pass such laws by Article I of the Constitution.
27 AMENDMENTS
MOTER VOTER BILL A bill passed by Congress in 1993 to make it easier for Americans to register to vote. The law, which went into effect in 1995, requires states to allow voter registration by mail, when one applies for a driver's license, and at state offices that serve the disabled or poor.
LITERACY TEST A requirement that citizens pass a literacy test in order to register to vote. It was established by many states to prevent former slaves (most of whom were illiterate) from voting. Illiterate whites were allowed to vote by a "grandfather cluase" added to the law saying that a person could vote, even though he did not meet the legal requirements, if he or his ancestors voted before 1867.
POLL TAX A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote. It was adopted by many states to prevent former slaves (most of whom were poor) from voting. It is now unconstitutional.
COMMERCE CLAUSE Article I Section 8 Clause 3 of the Cinstitution giving Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce and commerce with foreign countries.
TWO-PARTY SYSTEM An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in state or national elections. Third parties have little chance of winning.
PRIMARY ELECTION An election prior to the general election in which voters select the candidates who will run on each party's ticket.
CAUCUS A group of people in congregation to decide on a presidential candidate; usually in place of a primary.
GENERAL ELECTION An election used to fill an elective office.
INCUMBENT The person currently in office.
CONSTITUENT Person living in the district of an elected official.
COATTAILS The tendency of lesser-known or weaker candidates to profit in an election by the presence on the ticket of a more popular candidate.
PARTISAN A firm adherent to a party, faction, cause, or person, especially one exhibiting blind, prejudiced, and unreasoning allegiance.
SOUND BITE A brief statement no longer than a few seconds used on a radio or television news broadcast.
COMMITTEE WORK
CAUCUS An association of members of Congress created to advocate a political ideology or a regional, ethnic, or economic interest.
PORK-BARREL LEGISLATION Legislation that gives tangible benefits (highways, dams, post offices) to constituents in several districts or states in hope of winning their votes in return.
DIVIDED GOVERNMENT A government in which one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress.
UNIFIED GOVERNMENT A system in which soverignty is wholly in the hands of the national government so that subnational political units are dependent on its will. (When one party controls the government.)
CABINET By custom, the cabinet inclues the heads of the fifteen major executive departments.
VETO MESSAGE
POCKET VETO One of two ways for a president to disapprove a bill sent to him by Congress. If the president does not sign the bill within ten days of his receiving it and Congress has adjourned within that time, the bill does not become a law.
LAME DUCK A politician who is still in office after having lost a reelection.
SPOILS SYSTEM Another phrase for political patronage- that is, the practice of giving the fruits of a party's victory, such as jobs and contracts, to the loyal members of that party.
DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws.
IRON TRIANGLE A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group that often becomes a mutually advantageous alliance.
CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT Power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, and bring to the public's attention the need for public policy.
RED TAPE Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done.
LITMUS TEST A test of ideological purity; a way of finding out whether a person is a dyed-in-the-wool liberal or conservative or what his or her views are on a controversial question.
WRIT OF CERTIORARI A Latin term meaning "made more certain." An order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review. Most cases reach the Supreme Court through the writ of certiorari, issued when at least four of the nine justices feel that the case should be received.
STANDING A legal concept establishing who is entitled to bring a lawsuit to court. For example, an idividual must ordinarily show personal harm in order to acquire standing and be heard in court.
BRIEF A legal document prepared by an attorney representing a party before a court. The document sets forth the facts of the case, summarizes the law, gives the arguments for its side, and discusses other relevant cases.
AMICUS CURIAE A Latin term meaning "a friend of the court." Refers to interested groups or individuals, not directly involved in a suit, who may file legal briefs or make oral arguments in support of one side.
CONCURRING OPINION A Supreme Court opinion by one or more justices who agree with the majority's conclusion but for different reasons.
DISSENTING OPINION A Supreme Court opinion by one or more justices in the minority to explain the minority's disagreement with the Court's ruling.
STARE DECISIS A Latin term meaning "let the decision stand." The practice of basing judicial decisions on precedents established in similar cases decided in the past.
COURT OF APPEALS
SUPREME COURT
SENATORIAL COURTESY Policy that gives senators the right to be notified by the president of pending judicial nominations. Once informed, the approval of the senators from the state from which the judge comes is obtained and the appointment moves on. This courtesy does not apply to Supreme Court justice nominations.
LOGROLLING Mutual aid among politicans, whereby one legislator supports another's pet project in return for the latter's support of his. The expression dates from the days when American pioneers needed help from neighbors in moving logs off of land to be farmed.
BUDGET A document that announces how much the government will collect in taxes and sepnd in revenues and how those expeditions will be allocated among various programs.
FISCAL POLICY An attempt to use taxes and expenditures to affect the economy.
MONETARY POLICY An attempt to alter the amount of money in circulation and the price of money (the interest rule) to affect the economy.
ENTITLEMENTS A claim for government funds that cannot be abridged without violating the rights of the claimant; for example, Social Security benefits or payments on a contract.
SOCIAL SECURITY An entitlement program paid for by the federal government that provides retirement benefits to almost ever citizen who has reached a certain age.
MEDICAID A shared program between the federal and local governments that covers hospital and nursing home costs of low-income people.
MEDICARE Program that covers hospital and medical costs of people 65 years of age and older as well as disabled individuals receiving Social Security.
CLEAR-AND-PRESENT DANGER TEST A legal interpretation that reconciled two views of the First Amendment right of free speech, the first that Congress could not pass any laws to restrict speech and the second that it could punish harms caused by speech. Proposed by Supreme Court justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1919, it held that Congress could punish only speech that created a "clear and present danger" of bringing about the actions that Congress is authorized to prevent.
LIBEL A written statement that falsely injures the reputation of another person.
SLANDER A false and defamatory oral statement about a person.
FREE-EXERCISE CLAUSE A clause in the First Amendment to the Constitution stating that Congress shall make no law prohibiting the "free exercise" of religion.
ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE A clause in the First Amendment to the Constitution stating that Congress shall make no law "respecting an establishment of religion."
SEPARATE-BUT-EQUAL CLAUSE The doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), in which the Supreme Court ruled that a state could provide "separate by equal" facilities for African Americans.
DE JURE SEGREGATION Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or adminstrative decisions by public agencies. When state laws, for example, required blacks and whites to attend separate schools or sit in separate sections of a bus, de jure segreation resulted.
DE FACTO SEGREGATION Racial segregation in schools that occurs not because of laws or administrative decisions, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement. To the extent that blacks and whites live in separate neighborhoods, neighborhood schools will often be segregated de facto.
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION The requirement, imposed by law or administrative regulation, that an organization (business firm, government agency, labor union, school, or college) take positive steps to increase the number or proportion of women, African Americans, or other minorities in its membership.
CIVIL RIGHTS The rights of citizens to vote, to receive equal treatment before the law, and to share equally with other citizens the benefits of public facilities (such as schools).
JIM CROW A slang expression for African Americans that emerged in the 1820s and came to signify the laws and governmental practices designed to segregate blacks from whites, especially in the American South.

Ignore this post!

Hanah (1:11:26 AM): haha nice icon
Jen (1:11:53 AM): lol
Jen (1:11:54 AM): Thanks!
Hanah (1:11:39 AM): but since it says dorks have the most fun and its going like all rainbowy
Hanah (1:11:51 AM): it might as well say gay whale penises have the most fun
Jen (1:12:15 AM): Lmao.
Jen (1:12:31 AM): I'm planning on changing my icon soon anyway.
Jen (1:12:36 AM): I do that like once a week. =P
Hanah (1:12:38 AM): i mean sure, i guess they could, but where do they PUT it? you know?
Hanah (1:12:48 AM): its like the biggest mammal thing [if it is one] ever
Hanah (1:12:54 AM): so it must be absolutely GIGANTIC
Hanah (1:13:03 AM): i bet them lady whales like that =P
Jen (1:13:26 AM): Lmfao.
Jen (1:14:07 AM): I can't remember what I read it from but it was like an educational thing and it said like something about the ocean's saltiness is partially from whale sperm.
Jen (1:14:08 AM): Lmao.
Hanah (1:14:19 AM): OMG
Hanah (1:14:44 AM): eww so whale sperm makes up like half of the ocean?
Jen (1:15:04 AM): Lmao.
Hanah (1:14:50 AM): well then again, makes sense
Jen (1:15:11 AM): I dunno, but it's kind of gross.
Hanah (1:15:14 AM): the size of the cock is probably like 10 times the size of the biggest sumo wrestler ever
Hanah (1:15:27 AM): maybe thats how lady whales get pregnant
Hanah (1:15:36 AM): dont even need to do it, they just go swimming
Jen (1:16:07 AM): LMFAO.
Hanah (1:15:53 AM): well thats one way to make babies
Hanah (1:16:00 AM): hahahahahaha
Hanah (1:16:07 AM): thats sick
Hanah (1:16:21 AM): what if human male sperm just like was flying around the air?
Hanah (1:16:28 AM): [well duh its male, females dont have sperm]
Hanah (1:16:32 AM): that would be really sick
Hanah (1:16:42 AM): i wouldnt be able to breathe without feeling...violated.
Jen (1:17:43 AM): lol
Jen (1:17:47 AM): Ewwww that's be disgusting.
Jen (1:17:47 AM): lol
Hanah (1:17:38 AM): cheah man
Jen (1:17:54 AM): Do you know how thick the air would be?
Jen (1:17:55 AM): Lmao.
Hanah (1:17:44 AM): its like the new pandemic
Hanah (1:17:47 AM): PREGNANCY
Hanah (1:17:56 AM): just breathe and you're on your way to childbirth!
Hanah (1:18:06 AM): ewwwwwww
Jen (1:18:22 AM): Lmfao.
Hanah (1:18:10 AM): the air wouldnt be clear anymore
Hanah (1:18:19 AM): it'd be like...well i dunno what color sperm are, white?
Jen (1:18:35 AM): Hahahahaha.
Hanah (1:23:31 AM): april 6 at 1 AM we are talking about the sexual aspects of whales
Hanah (1:23:36 AM): and on good friday at that
Hanah (1:24:01 AM): HAHAHHAHAA IM GOING TO HELL!
Jen (1:24:46 AM): Lmaooooo.
Hanah: omg i just had a thought
Jen: Hahahahahaha.
Hanah: whales have lots and lots of blubber
Hanah: and they are ginormous
Jen: I'm going to see you Monday and be like... Whales.
Hanah: so like what if they tuck it away in their blubbery rolls?
Hanah: AHAHAHAHA
Hanah: knowing me i'd be lke ...whales?
Hanah: and then i'db e like ...OH!
Jen: HAHAHAHAHA ewwww sick.
Hanah: and then start laughing really hard
Hanah: haahahhahahha!
Hanah: they hide it probably because it gets in the way when they're swimming
Hanah: also so that they dont get sexually assaulted or raped by other homosexual whales
Jen: Lmfao.
Jen: Ewwwwwwwwww okay I just thought about how they get like sea salt and stuff.
Jen: If they evaporated ocean water would that leave salt and dried whale sperm?
Jen: Ewwww gross.
Hanah: MAYBE THATS WHY SALT IS WHITE!
Jen: HAHAHAHAHAHA.
Hanah: haahhahaa
Hanah: ewwww probably
Hanah: the salt and sperm would be fused together
Jen: Ugh sick.
Hanah: ti would be...spalt
Jen: Oh ewwwwww I'm not going to be able to put salt on my food anymore now.
Jen: ....
Jen: HAHAHA.
Jen: Spalt?
Jen: Okay that's what I'm calling it now.
Jen: Hahahaha.
Hanah: hahahahhaaaa
Hanah: you see a commercial
Hanah: try the hottest new food: SPALT!
Hanah: a mixture of sea salt and whale sperm
Hanah: MAKES IT EXTRA SALTY!
Hanah: spalt!
Jen: Ewwwwwwww lmao.
Hanah: and then you hear the guy at the end go like
Hanah: "No whales were harmed in the making of this commercial."
Jen: Hahahahaha.
Hanah: lol that would be ingeniously...disurbing

MOVED!

insanitychains ® grangering

To express my love for the know-it-all called Hermione Jane Granger. =]

Add me there!

This journal will now remain friends only, darlings. Please comment if you want to be added.

* No writing LyKe DiS. No netspeak, no excessive leet. I am a spelling/grammar freak, and if it gets really bad, I'll block you.
* No spamming. Ads are most definitely unharthed.
* No Anonymous posts. They are blocked.
* You must share some of the same interests. Harry Potter is virtually a must.
* If you read my user info and you don't like me, then don't add me. I probably wouldn't like you either.
* I have my own opinions. I did get the top award for class of '05 (8th grade). I'm more intelligent than most people think. Therefore if you don't like my opinions and you want to argue with me, I'm not going to add you. A calm discussion is fine, but if it turns into a flame war... Well, you've been warned. I don't really want to defend every one of my opinions.
* If you insult my friends, you are most definitely not going to be here much longer.

Adds are appreciated, loves!